1. Title Page
Swine Flu( AH1N1 virus)
A Research Paper
Presented to
Mr. Neil A. Improgo
Faculty of the English Department
Manolo Fortich National High School
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
English IV
by
Paula Gwen Balatero
Johanna Galapin
Maria Theresa Laroco
October, 2009
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincerest and profound thanks to the following persons who extended help and encouragement to make this study a reality;
Mr. Neil Improgo, English Teacher, for his valuable and expert advise, knowledge and excellent ideas, thus supporting, advising, supervising and guiding the researches with utmost patience that inspire to complete the study;
Dr. Erlinda C. Chico, Secondary School Principal II of Manolo Fortich National High School, for her understanding and cooperation in allowing the researchers to use the Computer Laboratory for their research work;
Miss Methuselah K. Arenas, Class Adivser, for her sincere and moral support;
The parents of the researchers, for the support and concern that serves as the researcher’s inspiration during the making of the study.
Above all, to Almighty GOD, for the enlightenment, strength, wisdom patience and guidance which He bestowed upon the researchers all times.
3. Dedication
DEDICATION
To
Our beloved parents,
schoolmates, classmates, and friends ;
our relatives, teachers and
most especially to
our dearest school
MANOLO FORTICH NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
This humble piece of work is dedicated.
Paula Gwen Balatero
Johanna Galapin
Maria Theresa Laroco
4. Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
DEDICATION iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
Outline 1
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
WORKS CITED 20
APPENDICES
Pictures 21
Video 22
Concept Map
Introduction
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. In addition, influenza C viruses may also cause illness in swine. Current strategies to control swine influenza virus (SIV) in animals typically include one of several commercially available bivalent swine influenza virus vaccines.
Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon. However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. Once a human becomes infected, he or she can then spread the virus to other humans, presumably in the same way as seasonal influenza is spread (ie, via coughing or sneezing).
Swine Flu
The H1N1 virus (swine influenza) is a novel infection that has not earlier been known in North America. It has recently, however, infected a number of people in the United States and Mexico. Swine flu is actually a respiratory virus of pigs which was first identified in 1918 and although historic diffusion to human beings has been sporadic, the infection rate in humans is intensifying at present (Barnes, 2008).
The H1N1 virus, just like seasonal influenza, is simply spread by the minute drops in a sneeze or cough. The person infected may cough into an empty space but it will leave microorganisms (germs) on the place that can easily be picked by the other person by touching that place.
The major symptoms of swine influenza are reported to include chills, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, and fatigue. The chances of having Conjunctivitis is uncommon, but has been reported in some cases. Other symptoms include mild illness of respiratory track like nasal blocking and rhino rhea without temperature. In very rare cases sporadic severe diseases like pneumonia and respiratory failure also has been reported. Approximately thirty to fifty percent of the severe and deadly swine flu infections have been among young and middle-aged people who were previously in good physical shape (Barnes, 2008).
This flu is caused by three types (strains) of viruses - influenza A, B and C. Type A is responsible for the deadly influenza pandemics (worldwide epidemics) that strike every 10 to 40 years, whereas type B causes smaller, more localized outbreaks. Type C is less common and causes only mild symptoms. The influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission (i.e., sneezing or coughing). But, the vus can also live for a short time on objects -- such as doorknobs, pens, pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils. Therefore, it may also be spread by touching something that has been handled by someone infected with the virus and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes Influenza virus is spread by inhaling droplets that have been coughed or sneezed out by an infected person or by having direct contact with an infected person's secretions. Handling household articles that have been in contact with an infected person or an infected person's secretions may sometimes spread the disease.
The rising rate of the swine flu infection rate has forced WHO to raise the level of the swine flu alert to its extreme alert level of Phase six from Phase five. The WHO, by moving up to its maximum alert level is signifying the fact that a worldwide epidemic might be under way. The severity of the virus, at this initial stage however, can be described internationally as being moderate.
Steps taken to control the epidemic
The Government, in order to control the spread of the endemic, has extended the authority of health officials and representatives to force the infected people and those who have been in a very close contact with somebody who has swine flu infection to be quarantined at home. This also includes forced barring of students and teachers from educational institutes.
(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090428222627.html)
This authority, however, has not considered necessary to be used since everyone who has been requested to segregate themselves has done so willingly and voluntarily.
Tony Ryall, the Health Minister has lately announced that The H1N1 virus -swine flu has been added to the health policies covering diseases that are notifiable and transmittable. The health ministry has informed the educational institutes to be ready for unexpected closures that could last more than a few weeks, and to have discussions with parents about distant learning.
Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon. However, the swine influenza virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine influenza viruses. Once a human becomes infected, he or she can then spread the virus to other humans, presumably in the same way as seasonal influenza is spread (ie, via coughing or sneezing).
Body
Swine Flu
The H1N1 virus (swine influenza) is a novel infection that has not earlier been known in North America. It has recently, however, infected a number of people in the United States and Mexico. Swine flu is actually a respiratory virus of pigs which was first identified in 1918 and although historic diffusion to human beings has been sporadic, the infection rate in humans is intensifying at present (Barnes, 2008).
The H1N1 virus, just like seasonal influenza, is simply spread by the minute drops in a sneeze or cough. The person infected may cough into an empty space but it will leave microorganisms (germs) on the place that can easily be picked by the other person by touching that place.
The major symptoms of swine influenza are reported to include chills, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, and fatigue. The chances of having Conjunctivitis is uncommon, but has been reported in some cases. Other symptoms include mild illness of respiratory track like nasal blocking and rhino rhea without temperature. In very rare cases sporadic severe diseases like pneumonia and respiratory failure also has been reported. Approximately thirty to fifty percent of the severe and deadly swine flu infections have been among young and middle-aged people who were previously in good physical shape (Barnes, 2008).
This flu is caused by three types (strains) of viruses - influenza A, B and C. Type A is responsible for the deadly influenza pandemics (worldwide epidemics) that strike every 10 to 40 years, whereas type B causes smaller, more localized outbreaks. Type C is less common and causes only mild symptoms. The influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission (i.e., sneezing or coughing). But, the vus can also live for a short time on objects -- such as doorknobs, pens, pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils. Therefore, it may also be spread by touching something that has been handled by someone infected with the virus and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes Influenza virus is spread by inhaling droplets that have been coughed or sneezed out by an infected person or by having direct contact with an infected person's secretions. Handling household articles that have been in contact with an infected person or an infected person's secretions may sometimes spread the disease.
History of Swine flu
The Influenza outbreak of 1918, also remembered as the “Spanish” flu strain, and graded as an epidemic, is believed to have infected more than thirty percent of the total population of the world and became the source of as many as fifty million fatalities (Barnes, 2008). The death figure, according to the United States Center for Disease Control, could have been almost twice that since a number of people departed their life in that era were not actually diagnosed, nor were any samples of blood taken for testing and identification of the infection in the laboratory.The rising rate of the swine flu infection rate has forced WHO to raise the level of the swine flu alert to its extreme alert level of Phase six from Phase five. The WHO, by moving up to its maximum alert level is signifying the fact that a worldwide epidemic might be under way. The severity of the virus, at this initial stage however, can be described internationally as being moderate.
Steps taken to control the epidemic
The Government, in order to control the spread of the endemic, has extended the authority of health officials and representatives to force the infected people and those who have been in a very close contact with somebody who has swine flu infection to be quarantined at home. This also includes forced barring of students and teachers from educational institutes.
(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090428222627.html)
This authority, however, has not considered necessary to be used since everyone who has been requested to segregate themselves has done so willingly and voluntarily.
Tony Ryall, the Health Minister has lately announced that The H1N1 virus -swine flu has been added to the health policies covering diseases that are notifiable and transmittable. The health ministry has informed the educational institutes to be ready for unexpected closures that could last more than a few weeks, and to have discussions with parents about distant learning.
Conclusion
Swine flu is a new virus that the world has never seen before, it has many similarities to the past pandemics and could ultimately turn into another 1918, however unlikely that sounds at this moment in time. Since it's discovery in April it has spread around the globe and has caused infections in 74 countries totalling over 27000 infections, but the real number will be much closer to 500000. The spread of this virus is far from over and the threat of a 2nd more severe wave in the Autumn or winter has the world hanging on by a knife point. This virus could mutate and become far dangerous, current estimations calculate that 120 million people may die from this newly discovered to which we have no immunity to. All in all this situation is likely to get worse in the next couple of months and we should now focus our efforts on helping developing countries like Africa and also saving as many as we can, too carry on life if an unprecedented amount of people die.WORKS CITED
- (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090428222627.html)
- The "Flu". Online. 17 Feb. 1999. Available: www.ultranet.com/~jkimball/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html
Laitlin, Elissa A. and Elise M. Pelletier. "The Influenza A/New Jersey(Swine Flu) Vaccine and Guillain-Barréacute; Syndrome: The Arguments for Causal Association." Drugs and Devices Line, 1997. Online. 15 Feb. 1999. Available: www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/ddil/swieflu.html
Silverstein, Arthur M. Pure Politics and Impure Science: The Swine Flu Affair. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1981.
- ^ Heinen PP (15 September 2003). "Swine influenza: a zoonosis". Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow. ISSN 1569-0830. http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html. "Influenza B and C viruses are almost exclusively isolated from man, although influenza C virus has also been isolated from pigs and influenza B has recently been isolated from seals.".
APPENDICES
concept map
Photos
video of some photos of swine flu
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